Leer waar je op moet letten bij het vinden van oesters in de natuur. This happens to be the feast day of sint Maarten (st. Martin's day). [1], The catholic church, being the most powerful and influential organisation at the time, had to suffer most during carnaval. Het carnaval in Simpelveld en Roermond 19451992 (Amsterdam 1995), This page was last edited on 15 April 2023, at 05:20. Wat maakt deze tour anders? [1], The number eleven in Dutch and German is translated as Elf. Because of this the wearer can safely express his criticism and opinion without having to fear for consequences in his daily life. St. Pancras was built in the 14th century and in its heyday it had 24 altars dedicated to 54 different saints. Worship | St Martin of Tours The image of the jester is mainly shaped by its heyday. This name changing tradition is especially common in the towns in and around North Brabant. Noticing that on it was no small penance. The position of men compared to women in society has often been a matter of debate. The duration of the fasting was already set at 40 days after centuries of discussion preceding the council of Nicaea. The traditional Rhenish carnaval greeting and exclamation is Alaaf. Mass times and detailed church information for St. Martin of Tours located in Louisville, Kentucky. Introductie over herkomst en eigenschappen van oesters. This metamorphosis went through the intermediate of the role performed by men as Tanzmarie. Carnaval songs are a form of opportunity compositions. [11] The schism within Christianity as a result of the reformation, led to a religious divide in the territory of the present Netherlands. When it's a small association often the bride and groom are chosen by the council of eleven or by the couple that was married the year before. [14], Also the ritual re-enactment of the Wild Hunt was a cultural phenomenon among many Gallic and Germanic peoples. Martin met a shivering and half-naked beggar, moved with compassion, he divided his coat into two parts and gave one to the poor man. Kinderen tot 12 jaar moeten worden begeleid door een volwassene. During the 1960s, the relatively strong demarcation between the catholic south on one side and the Calvinist west and north on the other side of the Netherlands started to diminish. Memorial of Saints Martha, Mary and Lazarus, Friday of the Sixteenth Week in Ordinary Time, Thursday of the Sixteenth Week in Ordinary Time, Memorial of Saints Joachim and Anne, Parents of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Monday of the Sixteenth Week in Ordinary Time. Mass times and detailed church information for St. Martin of Tours located in Amityville, New York. Masks and face paint are often used in combination with the costumes. This were clerics who were in many cases illiterate and were also the local main baker or butcher. T Y T T T APRIL This Bulletin is a long sheet. Usually the song is deliberately sung out of tune, A rhythm with 'leaping' character: long-short is often continuously rotated and triplets are common, Many accents in music and many question-answer elements, The harmony contains many thirds and sixths, The text is easy to remember (thus it can be remembered when drunk), and often humorous in nature to make a point, The text is many times sexual, vulgar, mocking and offensive in nature or totally non-sense, The form usually consists of several verses that alternate, Choruses with an accessible, inviting and compelling rhythm: there should be danced on, "Carnaval in Mestreech" by Math Nil (1946), "Twi bein (ofwaal de veuroetgank)" (Two legs [i.e. In southern Limburg the polonaise is called the reijaloet. As you are aware, a great event occurred in the Church and in the World when on March 25, the Feast of the Incarnation, Pope Francis consecrated Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary in fulfilment of the request made at Fatima in 1917 to the three shepherd children. Fort Belvoir Catholic Community | Alexandria, VA while sitting or standing with ones arms on the shoulders of the person beside him or with the arms hooked together at 3/4 tact), pogo-ing (jumping up and down by oneself) and the polonaise. Some examples of carnaval name changes are; The Burgundian Carnaval does not necessarily use the green, red and yellow which is used in the Rhenish Carnaval. A role that the contemporary tonpraoters and buuttereedners continue in a modern way.[1]. In the southernmost part of the Netherlands in Limburg, there are three ways of carnaval dancing: sjoenkele (slowly moving back and forth, left to right, etc. The German elf or alp was seen as an addler of people in medical books, but already in the High Middle Ages there were prayers warding against it as the agent causing nightmares, and eventually for the alp its identity as nightmare spirit became predominant. In the many yearbooks of local carnaval groups are the local rituals described. Be strong and of good courage, do not fear or be in dread of them: for it is the LORD your God who goes with you; he will not fail you or forsake you. These games were held in both the 18th and in the 19th century. [1], For centuries, 11 November was the day that the year's work was deemed to be done. Holy Week and Easter Mass Schedule - St. Martin of Tours - Facebook At the head of this army, would have been Erlenkning Hellequin. Moser, Fastnacht Fasching Karneval (Graz/Wenen/Keulen 1986), Carnaval. Mass & Reconciliation Schedule | Saint Martin of Tours While Christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnaval was also a manifestation of European folk culture. [1], In both the Rhenish and the Burgundian carnaval 11-11 plays an important role. What only matters is the social binding during the parade. [61] Nijmegen officially uses red and black. "You are the salt of the earth. Carnival can thus be regarded as a rite of passage from darkness to light, from winter to summer: a fertility celebration, the first spring festival of the new year.[3]. | Het Stadsblad Breda | d Weekkrant, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnival_in_the_Netherlands&oldid=1149905192, The costume allows people to become and act according to an. Genieten van de vangst op verschillende bereidingswijzen. 14600 Turney Rd. St. Martin of Tours of Vicksburg - Home - Facebook [1], From Den Bosch is according to a document from 1383 known that public stage performances, jousting tournaments, games, cockfights and role dressing were organized. The officer by portraying him as an effeminate, wig bearing, conceited fool. So what are we hoping will be the result of the recent consecration? The tradition to change the city names originates in North Brabant and is seldom seen in Limburg. These were scantily clad young women, accompanied by some military attributes like peak helmets and military backpacks, which showed provocative dances in small groups. Each year the (usual all male) Council of Eleven of every carnaval association proclaims a prince, and one (adjutant) or more aides. St. Martin of Tours invites you to celebrate Mass with us. These are called D'n Optocht or D'n Boonte Strrem (The Motley Storm). Knillis has grown into a tradition in several towns and is in Den Bosch revealed since 1922 on Carnaval Sunday. Calendar of Events. 20 days into Lent there might be another parade or festivities, called "Half-Vasten" (Half-Lent). P. 17-23. And with a joke army that did just about everything, which would make a normal company look ridiculous. Within the noble circles it was believed that it was the eye of the god which at the beginning of the spring focused on them because of their failure in the past year. For the honor and glory and triumph of Our Lady's Immaculate Heart. A donkey would be put on the altar during the ezelsmis (donkey's mass) after which a civilian dressed as a priest staged a mass. A good carnaval song has several recognizable ingredients: Hossen (jumping together in a group) is a way of dancing during the carnaval which is mainly found in Brabant, also the polonaise is done during the carnaval. from. [38] During the Dutch carnaval people will often dress colourful and take on roles like jesters, occupations, objects, animals, other genders and sexes, archetypes or fairytale characters, well known people, subcultures, historical figures or foreign cultures. But Christianized societies were viewing elves in increasingly sinister light. Although a procession usually takes from a starting point to a point of arrival, it actually roams from nowhere to nowhere. Protestantism became the dominant religion north of the rivers Meuse and Rhine. What actually happened was exactly the opposite of what had happened during the Middle Ages: a new morality was tested, not to investigate what is not allowed, but to investigate what is allowed. Pope Gregory the Great (590604) decided that fasting would start on Ash Wednesday. The people at that time earned a living by breeding goats and selling woman's hair. The festivities last the entire day and well into the nights. This is important because according to Our Ladys words of 1917, Russia was going to become the chosen instrument of Gods justice in the world, and that Russia could be used as an instrument in two ways: Either as an instrument of chastisement through the spread of atheism and socialism through the world; or as an instrument of the worlds conversion to Christianity. Young women and girls again took on the role of tanzmariechen instead of men and they performed at the parades during the post-war carnaval. Also it is a prime number. Mailing Address: Mailing Address: Buiten zijn in de Zeeuwse natuur in combinatie met lekker eten ga je mee? In Cologne, these imitations arose in particular to make Prussian militarism ridiculous, with a carnaval greeting (Alaaf), which is the normal greeting as it were reverses. SS. 539. The post-Christian carnaval consist of several days consecutively drinking, feasting, role-dressing, social criticizing and mocking, parades and music. . The St. Martin of Tours' Church [1] ( Dutch: Sint Martinus van Tours Kerk) is a religious building is located at 51 Voorstraat, Voorstraat, in the city of Philipsburg, [2] Sint Maarten [3] [self-published source] [4] on the Dutch side of the Caribbean island of St. Martin [5] in the Lesser Antilles east of the Caribbean Sea or Sea The Antilles. Vanaf 20 personen kunnen wij naar jouw wensen een Oestour organiseren. The camp follower as a woman who was military but provocatively costumed, but also clearly recognizable as a man: the Tanzmarie. Children are invited to come role-dressed to school, sometimes the schools even organize a school parade and choose a school prince. (Maasbree 1981), D.R. 4:00 pm Vigil Mass Saturday7:30am - Rosary at 8:00 am , 4:30pmSunday9:00am, 11:00am, 6:30pm - Youth Mass 4th Sunday of the monthMonday7:30am - Rosary at 8:00 am , 6:30pm - Rosary at 6:15 pmTuesday7:30am - Rosary at 8:00 am , 6:30pmWednesday7:30am - Rosary at 8:00 am , 6:30pmThursday7:30am - Rosary at 8:00 amFriday7:30am - Rosary at 8:00 am. 1247) Proper Mass attendance should include preparation, usually by reading the scriptural passages and . Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, The Agricola and Germany of Tacitus, London: Macmillan, 1868, OCLC 776555615. The eastern part of North Brabant (specifically the Peelland Kwartier and in a lesser degree the Kempenland Kwartier) shows a combination of both Burgundian and Rhenish characteristics: though the festivities take place mostly inside the pubs and halls, it shows many costume traditions and other customs from the Rhenish Carnaval, but without the Prussian militaristic influences.[56]. [1], From an anthropological point of view, Carnival is a reversal ritual, in which social roles are reversed and norms about desired behavior are suspended. There were still dressing, eating and drinking feasts and all sorts of games were held like goose pulling / rooster smashing (smashing or pulling the head of the animal), cat burning/smashing, ray stabbing, wolf hunting and herring biting. Saturday, 4:00 p.m. Sunday, 7:45 a.m.Sunday, 9:00 a.m. Sunday, 10:30 a.m. Sunday, 12:15 p.m. Be strong and of good courage, do not fear or be in dread of them: for it is the LORD your God who goes with you; he will not fail you or forsake you. The carnaval music is used during the carnaval to ridicule the normal culture, therefore the creating and playing of carnaval music is a very seasonal happening. Liturgical Calendar - St. Martin of Tours Parish - Vicksburg, MI Since 1839 numerous societies were established which organized carnaval balls. the carnaval was banned in 1629 after Protestants had conquered the city which had belonged to the Roman Catholic Spaniards. Australia - New Zealand - Pacific Ocean Islands. 3 hours. The port's schedule lists all ships (in links) with cruises going to or leaving from Leiden, Netherlands South Holland. St. Martin of Tours our Patron Saint. [1], It is traditional that the prince, and his council of eleven wears a fore-and-aft bicorne with (pheasant) tail feathers, in particular in those places that are influenced by the Rhenish Carnaval. | Vastelaovend en Carnaval in Limburg", Limburgse carnaval voor beginners: snelcursus vastelaovend vieren | Vastelaovend en Carnaval in Limburg, Tradities | Carnaval in Limburg 2015 Er op uit in Limburg, Translation of "Lauwe Pis" by Theo Maassen from Dutch to English, Symbolen en verwijzingen Oeteldonksche Club van 1882, Carnaval in Helmond e.o. This outfit can be found especially in the western part of North Brabant, but it is becoming less common in the last decade. Maak de oesters open met een oestermes. [32] Much more often than in southern European countries like France, the Dutch charivaris showed dissatisfaction towards decisions of the authorities. The pagan carnaval was celebrated throughout Europe. Momus is not the oldest existing carnaval association because it had faded out before the Second World War in 1939. Intentionally amateurish marching bands (Zaate Hermeniekes or Drunken Marching Bands) traditionally perform this kind of music on the streets, mainly in Limburg. The default image is that of the jester with fool's cap with bells, cheerful colors and oversized shoes, and marotte. The prince is traditionally a male and can be the same person for years, but often a different person is elected every year. In Brabant at the same meeting the new carnaval mottos are disclosed by the prince. Carnaval parades often start at 11.11am and end early in the afternoon. 9:00 am Morning Prayer In particular, the nobility, clergy and the wealthy citizens were mocked and ridiculed. They organized synods regarding fasting and shrove Tuesday, participated with carts in the processions, and promulgated special collections. On the other hand, the number eleven is not only central to the carnaval, but it has built up a kind of mystical and magical value through the ages. Als je bij, Werkhandschoenen (deze kunt u ook bestellen bij uw reservering), Oestermes (deze kunt u ook bestellen bij uw reservering), U kunt tot 10 dagen voor de tour kosteloos annuleren (hierna ontvangt u 50% van uw geld terug.). (All day) 4th of July - Mass at 8am. The laity started to play the roles of the dignitaries they ridiculed. Masses of Christian Burial will be celebrated separate from daily Mass except in extreme circumstances. The costumes allow people to change their identity and role in society for a few days without being judged for it by their fellowman during and after the carnaval. St. Martin of Tours. Many of the current militaristic traditions can be traced back to this protest feast. Baarn: Ambo, Booy, F. (2003). Carnaval is however by definition controlled by unwritten laws. Hop-aboard your own "Rhino Rider," a self-drive inflatable boat for up to three people, to experience the best of St Maarten. 2013 Meej tweej zevus kende nie blijve zitte. THE 10 BEST Leiden Tours & Excursions for 2023 (with Prices) - Tripadvisor Old women or witch costumes, animal costumes with horns or sometimes with antlers, face concealing masks, concealing black or red face paint and joker costumes were traditional popular, but these themes are less standard today. Parish Office Hours: Nicolaas, de duivel en de doden: opstellen over volkscultuur. St Martin of Tours Mass Times - Maple Heights, Ohio Since it is warmer in there, the clothing is also less thick and consists of fewer layers. It can not be denied that the carnaval with its Tanzmariechen has popularized and even parodied the sparkling shows that could otherwise be enjoyed only in the European major cities. The city is on Oude Rijn (Old Rhine, a branch of Rhine Delta), located approx 20 km (12 mi) from The Hague (South Holland's . Depending on the towns tradition, the prince is chosen by the association or by all the people of the town, in which case a campaign is often held. 161 West Clinton St. Doylestown, OH 44230-1297. Saint Martin's Catholic Church, Washington, DC Contact office They are doing choreographed dance or movement, primarily baton twirling during parades and official carnaval meetings and were introduced into the Dutch carnaval after the second world war. Green represents new life, youthfulness, boldness, the joy of life, vibrancy, growth and prosperity, but on the other hand, also stands for inexperience and nescience. Hooglandse Kerk, Leiden - Tripadvisor The two families prepare a piece of entertainment for the wedding. Free cancellation. [1], Cabaret in dialect is held in both variants of carnaval. The actual origin of the name "Council of Eleven" is traced back to the Duchy of Brabant in the fifteenth century. The plumes are worn on the left side of the bicorne.[1]. Also celebrated on 28 December is the now forgotten feast of the massacre of the innocents, commemorating the infanticide in Bethlehem. It was a reversal ritual, in which the roles were deliberately reversed. Other derivatives are elleovene from Old English endleofan, from Proto-Germanic *ainlif- (Saxon: elleban, Old Frisian: andlova, Dutch: elf, Old High German: einlif, German: elf, Old Norse: ellifu, Gothic: ainlif). Dit doe ik samen met met mijn partner restaurant Over De Kook. [2] However, in the areas which did not originally celebrate, the feast is still growing to become a tradition. A massive ship-looking wagon is shown in every carnaval parade which is manned by the prince, his entourage and the council of eleven of the city it is held or of the carnaval association that organized the parade and is usually the last float at the parade. In this region an alternate salute was devised as a protest parody: not with the right hand against the right temple as usual, but with the top of the right hand to the left temple. R.A. Koman, '100%Pasen: geloof, bijgeloof en volksgebruiken in Nederland'. Na het rapen genieten we van een uitgebreid buffet bij restaurant Over de Kook waar we de vangst van de dag op allerlei manieren gaan bereiden. [1], Although there is certain historical data on ancient meaning of the number 11, there may also be a younger explanation. Open stages are held in the weeks before the carnaval where people from the community, mostly amateurs, can participate in carnaval related acts like music, farces, dance acts and cabaret. The function of this is to mirror and exaggerate daily life, to denounce and raise awareness of every day events and put life in perspective. It is not used on other days of the year. [1], The oldest word which points in the direction of the word "Carnival" is listed on a certificate from the Italian Subiaco from 965 CE as a timestamp Carnelevare. Deelname en consumptie is op eigen risico. You are the light of the world. Our new phone number is 631-532-5185. The Swabian-Alemannic carnaval, known as Fastnacht, takes place in Baden and Swabia (Southwestern Germany), Switzerland, Alsace and Vorarlberg (Western Austria). Al eens soep met gerookte oesters gegeten? At the end of the twentieth century there were carnaval associations in all the provinces of the Netherlands which are active in organizing the celebrations. To see the full itineraries (ports of call dates and arrival / departure times) and their lowest rates just follow the corresponding ship-link. It is a temple that follows the Roman or Latin rite and depends on the Catholic Diocese of Willemstad based on the island of Curaao. (330) 658-2145. During Ouwe Wijve or Auw Wiever the pubs and streets are crowded by costumed women, usually dressed as old women. After the sale, as the man had plenty of money, they would go visit the pubs. [56], It is common for cities with a Burgundian carnaval tradition to change their name during carnaval (although there are some places in eastern Netherlands with the Rhenish carnaval which do this as well). However, during the carnaval they became prominent and played the role of crazy bishop or "donkey pope" as part of the role reversal function of the carnaval. One special revue (called pronkzitting) is an organized event at or before the carnaval with singing and dancing, but focuses mainly on humorous contributions by a variety of local tonpraoters / buuttereedners. The council of Trent (15451563) and the reformation caused a complete reverse in attitude towards the carnaval. [55], Traditional clothing consists of elaborate costumes. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals like the Babylonical Sacaea (Marduk). Some vendors may process your personal data on the basis of legitimate interest, which you can object to by managing your options below. Carnival officially begins on Sunday and lasts three days until the start of Lent's first day, Ash Wednesday, at midnight. The celebrations became more expensive every year, so expensive that even the Prins or Vorst candidate often fled the city to prevent being elected. [Note: To the right I have included an image of Our Lady of America. If you cut it out from this bulletin, there is a prayer on the reverse of the image we should pray every day for the return of our nation to purity and holiness.]. [58] Tilburg uses green and orange as carnaval colors,[59] Eindhoven has orange and sky blue[60] and Breda uses red and orange. Everything indicates that the foundation celebration of the 11th apparently got out of control, so the signing took place one day too late. 7:00 pm Mass of the Lord's Supper, Good Friday In the Dutch border village Groenstraat a precursor to the Auwwieverbal (Old women ball) or Auw Wieverdaag (old women day) was known already in the early 19th century. Even after the Fall of the Berlin wall (which some have credited to the Consecration by John Paul in 1984) and the near-miraculous avoidance of nuclear war, nonetheless it is clear that atheism and socialism has infected the West, most diabolically in its most hallowed institutions since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. | Traverse | d Weekkrant, "Omroep Brabant: Geschiedenis van carnaval", Stichting Karnaval Ballefruttersgat organiseert het Aaw Wvebal Goirles Belang, Bourgondisch carnaval | Carnavalsvereiniging De Borchgrave Roostere, Kleuren Groen Oranje Carnaval 2015 Tilburg Officile website, Carnaval in Breda e.o. 59 were here. According to the legend during a siege of the city during the Guelders Wars in 1499 or 1511 she defeated several enemy soldiers and tore the banner from the hands of an enemy soldier. Until 1853 Knillis would be burned at the end of the Carnaval in Den Bosch, but the tradition was then outlawed until it revived in the early 20th century. [7] During this feast the Germanic people celebrated as the days grew longer again the (re-)birth of the sun. [36], The Carnaval exceeded in the 1970s the border that is formed by "the Great Rivers" (the Maas, the Waal and the Rhine), lost all religious connotations and became a secular feast. In German it is called a Schnapszahl and associated with alcohol consumption and used in numerology. In Russia, for example, this festival is known as Maslenitsa (roughly translated: butter feast).[1]. Thank you for your understanding. The revue girl grew into a nightclub-like star. Many pubs in Maastricht take their facade away during carnaval to open up to the feast on the streets. In the Netherlands these young women or girls are called Dansmarietjes (Dance Mary's) or Dansmariekes in Dutch. Liturgy Schedule Later this practice developed into real titles and the roles of "Prins" or "Vorst" came into use. The Netherlands and Belgium in the Middle Ages consisted of a number of duchies, counties, heerlijkheden, etc. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Schedule. Also the practice of lent became rapidly extinct in the Netherlands in the 1960s and 1970s. ST. MARTIN OF TOURS THRIFT SHOP . Holy Week and Easter Mass Schedule PALM SUNDAY, HOLY THURSDAY AND GOOD FRIDAY OF THE LORD'S PASSION ON CHANNEL 18/24 (CW18/MY24) Good Friday of the Lord's Passion and Masses will be broadcast on. This day is celebrated in some parts of Groningen, North Holland and the southern part of Limburg and to a lesser extent in South Holland and Zeeland. Southern schools often dedicate the Friday afternoon before the actual feast to the carnaval. 639 South Shelby St. . 5855 East W Ave, PO Box 264, Vickburg, MI 49097. In recent years the feast usually starts on Saturday. Saint Martin of Tours Catholic Church 1908 North Capitol Street NW Washington, DC 20002 . Increasingly, she was a woman who was married to a corporal or soldier, and whose task it was among other things "to wash the linen," according to an old army decision. Naast mijn baan als beleidsadviseur en docent organiseer ik 2 periodes per jaar ontzettend leuke maar vooral lekkere workshops langs de Oosterschelde. Leiden is also intersected by numerous canals with quays. St. Martin of Tours' Church, Sint Maarten, "Church of St. Martin of Tours, Philipsburg, Sint Maarten", Catholic Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris, List of Catholic churches in the Netherlands, Queen of the Most Holy Rosary Cathedral, Willemstad, Pro-Cathedral of St. Francis of Assisi, Oranjestad, List of Catholic churches in the Dutch Caribbean, List of Catholic schools in the Netherlands, Reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Martin_of_Tours%27_Church,_Sint_Maarten&oldid=1118580415, Buildings and structures in Philipsburg, Sint Maarten, Roman Catholic churches completed in 1952, 20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the Netherlands, Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from December 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 27 October 2022, at 19:54. The council of eleven does not necessarily hold eleven members, often there are more than eleven, sometimes less. Instructie over technieken om oesters te openen. The costume provides protection when criticizing and ridiculing others because the wearer can either not be recognized or the criticism can be attributed to the role the wearer assumes during the carnaval rather than to the wearer himself. De exacte aanvang is afhankelijk van het getij. Contrary to popular belief, oetel in the name Oeteldonk is not a referral to a frog but is a facetious reference to the 's-Hertogenbosch Bishop Adrianus Godschalk (Den Dungen 1 August 1819 's-Hertogenbosch 2 January 1892) who came from the village of Den Dungen to become the new Bishop of Den Bosch (8 January 1878), and often fulminated against the "Pagan" Carnaval festivities. We starten de dag met zilte lekkernijen waar Zeeland bekend om staat. Hiervoor neem je de grote oesters. Diocese of Lafayette Centennial . The search along the pubs transformed later to the Ouwewijvenbal. Laat je verrassen door pure smaken van lokale producten. Since the very beginning of his occurrence, the fool has been the personification of folly for centuries, as the jester was the one who tipped reality. or to schedule a tour. Not just "premarital sexual active" and "adulterous" girls were mocked, also girls could get criticized because of their appearance or language, for turning down suitors, for the extent to which she was kind or kept faithful to her friends. are organized by a carnaval association. Jolly, Karen Louise (1992), "Magic, Miracle, and Popular Practice in the Early Medieval West: Anglo-Saxon England", in Neusner, Jacob; Frerichs, Ernest S.; Flesher, Paul Virgil McCracken, Religion, Science, and Magic: In Concert and in Conflict (Oxford University Press): 172, Geschiedenis van carnaval | Omroep Brabant, "Oorsprong van het Carnaval in de geschiedenis van Nederland IsGeschiedenis", Federatie Europese Narren Nederland Federatie Europese Narren Nederland, Kirchliches Festjahr Kirchenkalender / Festtage / Fastenzeit, "Geschiedenis van carnaval in de middeleeuwen IsGeschiedenis", Oorsprong Carnaval: Middencommiteit Lommel, http://thuisinbrabant.delving.org/pdf/thuisinbrabant/brabants-heem/brabants_heem_1958_X_1_125_128.pdf, Sociale geschiedenis van Europa 1500-1795/Sociale controle Wikibooks, Sociale geschiedenis van Europa 1500-1795/Liefde en vriendschap Wikibooks, Carnaval: eeuwenoud feest der zotten Historin, Venloosch Vastelaovesgezelschap JOCUS Historie, "Boerenbruiloft: hoezo in het 'onecht' verbonden?
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